Pepsi

 [[Pepsi]]-Cola is a soft drink manufactured by PepsiCo. Pepsi-Cola was first made by pharmacist Caleb Bradham in 1890s in New Bern, North Carolina in United States. The drink was initially known as “Brad’s drink” and was renamed as “Pepsi-Cola” in 1898. The name was trademarked on June 16, 1903. There are several theories regarding the origin of name “Pepsi”. According to one theory, Bradham bought the name “Pep Kola” from a local competitor and changed it to “Pepsi-Cola”. Another theory is that “Pepsi-Cola” is anagram of “Episcopal”, a large church just across the street from Bradham’s drugstore. Even though there is a plaque at the site of original drugstore stating this, PepsiCo has denied this theory. Some say that the name “Pepsi” was chosen because it sounded good and it had “pep”, it being a carbonated drink. Pepsi was first intended to cure stomach pains, and many thought that Bradham coined the name “Pepsi” from “dyspepsia”, stomach ache, or maybe from the fact that pepsin was used to treat upset stomachs. Pepsi initially consisted carbonated water, vanilla, rare oils, and kola nuts.    

Bradham moved bottling of Pepsi-Cola from his drugstore into a rented warehouse. The same year he sold 7,968 gallons of the Pepsi syrup. After Pepsi introduced six-ounce bottles next year, sales increased and reached 19,848 gallons. The logo of Pepsi was redesigned in 1905 for the first time since the original logo was designed in 1898. the logo was designed again in 1906.

The Pepsi-Cola Company suffered financial losses due to the fluctuating prices of sugar around World War I and in 1929 the company was bankrupt. Roy C. Megargel bought the Pepsi trademark. The company went bankrupt again after eight years and this time Pepsi’s assets were bought by Charles Guth. Charles Guth was president of Lofts Inc. Loft owned retail stores and had soda fountains. After Coke refused to give Loft a discount on its syrup, he wanted to replace Coca-Cola at his store’s fountains. Loft employed chemists as he was candy manufacturer and his chemists reformulated the Pepsi-Cola formula.

Pepsi gained popularity during The Great Depression after the introduction of 12-ounce bottle in 1934. Sales soared when the bottle’s price, initially 10 cents, was slashed to 5 cents as Coca-Cola was being sold at six ounces for a nickel (five cents). Pepsi marketed the new bottle with the jingle “Pepsi cola hits the spot / Twelve full ounces, that’s a lot / Twice as much for a nickel, too / Pepsi-Cola is the drink for you”. The move to give more to consumer and effective marketing yielded results and Pepsi’s profits doubled during 1936 to 1938.

When Loft Company was almost bankrupt, the company sued Guth for possession of the Pepsi Cola Company as he had used Loft’s finances and facilities to establish Pepsi. Guth lost the case after a long legal battle and Loft was the new owner of the company. Walter Mack became the new President of Pepsi-Cola.

Due to rising prices after the war Pepsi could no longer sell 12 ounces for a nickel. Some bottlers reduced quantity to 8 or 10 ounces while keeping the prices constant while some bottlers sold 12 ounce bottles at a higher price.

When Pepsi had Alfred Steele as its new President in early 1950s, the formula was slightly changed by removing a small amount of sugar. The marketing of Pepsi also went for a major overhaul as it was no longer referred to as an “economic” drink, but was marketed as “The Light Refreshment” and an affluent drink. Pepsi had considerable marketing success with the youth market when it launched the “Think Young” campaign in 1961 and again in 1963 with their “Pepsi Generation” campaign. After the success of a diet cola of a competitor, Royal crown Company, Pepsi introduced Diet Pepsi in 1964. Same year Pepsi bought Mountain Dew from Tip Corporation. In 1965, the company became PepsiCo. after merger with Frito-Lay.

In 1975 a blind testing between Pepsi-Cola and rival Coca-Cola was done by Pepsi under name of “Pepsi Challenge”. In these blinds tests, Pepsi was choice of majority of participants. The reason for participants favoring Pepsi is attributed to the higher sugar content present in Pepsi. PepsiCo used the results of the blind test by coming out with commercials reporting the test results.

Pepsi has many variants of which Diet Pepsi is the most popular and contains no sugar and has zero calories. Pepsi Max, Pepsi ONE, Caffeine-Free Pepsi and Caffeine-Free Diet Pepsi are the other popular low calorie variants of the drink. Pepsi also came out with many fruit variants of the drink like Wild Cherry Pepsi (1988), Diet Wild Cherry Pepsi (2005), Pepsi Lime (2005), and Diet Pepsi Lime (2005). It also came out with Pepsi Jazz diet cola with Strawberry and Cream flavor and Black Cherry French Vanilla in 2006. Pepsi Twist was introduced so as to give competition to Coca-Cola’s lemon flavored products. Crystal Pepsi, a transparent cola devoid of caffeine, sodium and any preservative was introduced in 1992 only to be phased very next year. Pepsi-Blue, a blue-colored berry cola, was introduced in 2002 and withdrawn from the market in 2004. Pepsi Gold has been recently released in the market recently. Pepsi has also launched some coffee-flavored versions of Pepsi. In 2005 Pepsi Cappuccino was launched in Romania and Bulgaria, Pepsi Tarik in Malaysia and Pepsi Cafechino in India.  

Hindi Version

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Coca-Cola was invented by John Stith Pemberton in Covington, Georgia in May 1886. The beverage was initially a cocawine and was called Pemberton’s French Wine Coca. After Atlanta and Fulton County passed Prohibition legislation, Pemberton made a carbonated, non-alcoholic version of French Wine Cola and called it Coca-Cola. Coca leaves from South America were added as a stimulant to the beverage along .with kola nuts which were added to give flavor to the drink. Due to them the name Coca-Cola was given to the beverage. Asa Candler, who was also a pharmacist of Atlanta, bought the formula for Coca-Coal in 1887 from John Pemberton for $2,300. Asa Candler marketed Coke aggressively and was responsible of the dominance of the world soft drink market by Coke.

During Pemberton’s time five ounces of coca leaf were added per gallon of the syrup which constituted a significant dose. Candler claimed in 1891 that he had altered the formula of Coca-Cola and it now contained only a tenth of amount of coca leaves. Coca-Cola also contained nine milligrams of cocaine per glass till 1904, when they started using “spent” leaves instead of fresh leaves. The spent leaves were the leftovers of cocaine-extraction process and contained just traces of cocaine. But cocaine is still present in the drink as it is one of the alkaloids present in the drink. Even today the flavoring is done with kola nuts and “spent” coca leaf. There actually exists a plant in New Jersey, authorized by Federal Government, where coca plant for manufacturing Coca-Cola syrup is grown.

Coca-Cola was first sold as a patent medicine at soda fountains for five cents a glass. Pemberton claimed that Coca-Cola was good for health and cured many diseases such as headache, impotence, morphine addiction. The first sale of Coca-Cola was made at Jacob’s Pharmacy in Atlanta and on an average nine drinks were sold per day for first nine months. The first advertisement for the beverage appeared in Atlanta Journal on May 29.

Asa Candler bought the formula from Pemberton in 1887 and incorporated the company as the Coca-Cola Company in 1888. In 1888, Pemberton sold the rights of the company a second time to four businessmen: J. C. Mayfield, A.O. Murphey, C. O. Mullahy and E. H. Bloodworth while he himself was suffering from morphine addiction. Charley Pemberton, son of John Pemberton and an alcoholic, started selling his own version of the drink. To sort out the situation Pemberton declared that the name Coca-Cola belonged to Charley but the other two manufacturers could continue to use the formula. Candler sold his beverage under the names Yum Yum and Koke but both failed. After the failure of his beverages, Candler claimed that he was the only one who had rights to Coca-Cola; Candler purchased exclusive rights to the formula from John Pemberton, Margaret Dozier and Woolfolk Walker. In 1914, dozier claimed that her signature on the sale papers had been forged and analysis indicated that John Pemberton’s signature might have been a forgery as well. Candler incorporated a second company; “The Coca-Cola Company” in 1892 and in 1910 burned the records of the company so as to make the legal origins of the company obscure.

The drink was certified kosher by Rabbi Tobias Geffen in 1935 after the Coca-Cola Company made some minor changes in procuring some ingredients. On March 12, 1984 Coca-Cola was sold for the first time in bottles and was sold in cans in 1955. The first bottling of Coca-Cola was done at Vicksburg, Mississippi in 1891 by the Biedenharn Candy Company. The first bottles were not of the design that we are familiar with.

When Pepsi started giving serious competition to Coca-Cola, a new drink called “New Coke” was formulated and launched on 23 April, 1985 with much publicity. Then CEO, Robert Goizueta, and the president, Don Keough, were instrumental for coming out with a reformulated Coca-Cola. The New Coke was a disaster; it was rejected by the public. The failure of the drink was a big bow to the Coca-Cola Company. A person from Seattle founded the Old Cola Drinkers of America and tried to sue the company and force it to release the formula of Old Coke to be released in public domain. The company had to bow to the public pressure and reintroduce the Old Coke on July 10, 1985 under the name of Coca-Cola Classic. It has been accused that the company introduced the new coke with a bad flavor deliberately to revive interest in the old product and regain the market share they were fast losing to Pepsi.

The Coca-Cola Company declared in 2005 that were planning to launch Diet Coke which will be sweetened with Splenda, artificial sweetener sucralose. (Pepsi One was using the same sweetener). In the same year it came out with another diet drink, “Coca-Cola Zero”, which was sweetened with a mixture of aspartame and acesulfame potassium.

A lot has been speculated about the secret formula of Coca-Cola. The original copy of the formula is kept secured in the main vault of SunTrust bank in Atlanta. The Trust Company was the underwriter of initial public offering of the Coca-Cola Company in 1919. Coca-Cola has a rule which restricts the number of executives having access to the formula to two.
The Coca-Cola Company only produces a syrup concentrate and sells it to several bottlers across the globe. The bottlers use the syrup to make the final drink by adding sugar and filtered water to it. The bottling, packaging, distribution, and selling are done by the bottlers.

The Coca-Cola Company holds minority shares in some of the largest franchisees such as Coca-Cola Enterprises, Coca-Cola Amatil. The amount of sweeteners added varies so as to cater to the local taste.

Frank Mason Robinson created the famous Coca-Cola logotype in 1885. Robinson came up with the name as well as responsible for the logo’s distinct cursive script.

Pepsi is the main rival of Coca-Cola. Even though it is second to Coke in terms of sales, Pepsi performs better in some specific regions. Kola Real gives coke competition in South and Central America. Inca Kola of Peru sells more than Coca-Cola in Peru, but t was purchased by the Coca-Cola Company in 1999. In India Coca-Cola bought Thums-Up, a local drink, which had more sales than Coke but less than Pepsi. In many countries of Middle-East, Parsi Cola and Zam Zam Cola are major competitors to Coca-Cola. In UK Robinsons drinks is major rival of coke rather than Pepsi.

Coca-Cola has been an Olympic sponsor since 1928, when it was the first-ever sponsor of the Olympic Games. Coca-Cola also sponsored the Summer Olympics held at Atlanta in 1996. From 1978, Coca-Cola has sponsored every FIFA World Cup and other competitions organized by FIFA.

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Soft drinks

Carbonated drinks were called as soft drinks initially (though being popular as soda in U.S. and as pop in U.K.) but now the term soft drink applies to all cold drinks not containing alcohol. Beverages like cola, lemonade, sparkling water, and fruit punch are classified as soft drinks while tea, coffee, hot chocolate, milk, milk shakes are not classified as soft drinks.

The carbonated beverages are produced by dissolving carbon dioxide into the liquid at a very high pressure. At high pressure the solubility of carbon dioxide is more than at normal pressure, hence high pressure is used. When the bottle/can of the beverage is opened, the carbon dioxide comes out in the form of bubbles and after the whole carbon dioxide is released the drink is said to be flat. Carbonated drinks taste sharper due to the presence of carbonic acid in them which gives a slight burning sensation. Another method for carbonation is to do partial fermentation in a sealed container. This particular method is used to make the very popular ginger beer. By using appropriate yeasts and appropriate process control the alcohol level in the beverage can be made negligible.

A “float” is made when a scoop of ice cream is added to a soft drink. In some parts of United States, instead of calling ice cream in soda a float, it is called an “ice cream soda” or “soda” as they are made at soda fountains. The same beverage is known as “Spider” in Australia and New Zealand, “ice-cream soda” in Scotland. Root beer float is the most common type of float. In Brazil, the floats are named according to the color of the float e.g. ice cream in cola is called “vaca preta” which means black cow and strawberry ice cream in lemon soft drink is called “pantera cor de rosa” which means “the pink panther”.

There has been a lot of controversy whether soft drinks are a health hazard or not. Many soft drinks contain sugar more than what is specified in recommended daily allotment (RDA) of USDA along with having no nutritional value in terms of minerals, vitamins, proteins, fibers or any other essential nutrients. Soft drinks generally contain additives such as artificial food colors, flavors, preservatives and emulsifiers which are not approved by all consumers. The consumption of soft drinks is also worrying people as children tend to give preference to soft drinks rather than to healthier drinks as milk and fruit juice.

Soft drinks are also held responsible for increasing obesity in children in recent years. It was shown by Dr. David Ludwig of Boston Children’s Hospital that children who drink more than 8 fl. ounces (240 ml) of sweetened drinks regularly consume 835 calories more than children who avoided soft drinks. It implied that children consuming soft drinks on a regular basis used to eat a lot more than food that those not consuming it. This could be attributed to their lack of restraint or rise in insulin which makes them more hungry. Also soft drinks are generally consumed with fast foods such as chips, burgers, pizzas, French fries. Pediatrics published a paper in March 2006, Effect of Decreasing sugar-Sweetened Beverage Consumption on Body Weight in Adolescents: A Randomized, Controlled pilot Study.” The paper suggested that body mass index (BMI) can be reduced by reducing the intake of soft drinks in teenagers. 

Most of the soft drinks available in market are acidic, having a pH of 3.0 or lower. Due to the acidic nature of the soft drink they can cause damage to the enamel of the teeth. Drinking through a straw may be advised as in this case the drink does not come into contact with the teeth. Brushing your teeth right after having soft drinks should be avoided as this may cause further erosion of enamel.

In response to rising health concern among American citizens, the Alliance for a Healthier Generation, Coca-Cola, PepsiCo, Cadbury Schweppes and the American Beverage Association announced “School Beverage Guidelines” on 3rd May 2006 which proposed voluntary removal of high-calorie soft drinks from US schools. UK Education Secretary, Alan Johnson, banned the sale of junk food and soft drinks in schools from September 2006. In August 2006, there was a report which indicated presence of pesticides in soft drinks being sold in India. Several states of India banned the sale of soft drinks. The companies manufacturing soft drink issued public notices denying this and asking consumers to have faith in them and their product.

Carcinogens are cancer causing agents or substances. Benzene, a carcinogen, was a contaminant found in the soft drinks as early as 1990. Initially contaminated carbon dioxide was supposed to be the source of benzene contamination but it was shown that acids and benzoates reacted to produce benzene. Out of 150 products tested for presence of benzene in 2006 in UK by Food Standards Agency, four were found having benzene levels above the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines. In an unprecedented move these products were asked to be removed from sale. The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) also tested soft drinks for presence of benzene and the results were not encouraging. The Environmental Protection Agency recommends a standard of 5ppb for benzene level. Five of the beverages tested had benzene levels above this limit.

Soft drinks are sold in two-liter bottles, one liter plastic bottle, 24 and 20 fluid ounce bottle and 12 fluid ounce cans in US. In Japan they are sold as 1.5 liter, 500 ml and 350 ml bottles. In Europe plastic and glass bottles of 2, 1.5, 1, 0.5, 0.35, 0.33 are available.

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 Coffee is a beverage made from roasted beans of the coffee plant; the roasted beans are usually referred to as beans. Coffee is served both hot and cold though hot coffee is consumed in much more quantity than cold coffee. Coffee is consumed as “black” by some while some people add milk, cream and sugar to their coffee. Coffee is one of the most popular beverage in the world. The word coffee is derived from the Arabic term “qahwa”.

A legend says that Khalid, an Abyssinian goat herder noticed that his goats became more energetic after eating a particular type of berries. Khalid himself tried the berries and found that they gave energy to him. Upon learning about the berries Khalid’s wife urged him to tell the local monk about the berries. The chief monk declared the berries as “Work of the Devil” and flung the berries into a fire. Upon doing so, the whole room was soon filled with the aroma of roasting berries. The roasted berries were retrieved from fire and dipped in water. After drinking the brew they came to realize that Khalid was telling them the truth. After this the monk used the brew to keep themselves awake during the evening prayers.

Coffee’s history can be traced back to 9th century when it was present in Ethiopia and present Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia. From there it spread to Egypt and Yemen, by fifteenth century coffee had reached Persia, Turkey and northern Africa. From the Middle East coffee went to Europe and became popular there around 17th century. Large scale import was first done by the Dutch. As the Arabs were not allowed to export the coffee plants or unroasted seeds, the Dutch smuggled some seedlings in 1690. They used the seedlings to make coffee plantations at Java, which was a Dutch colony at that time.

Coffee was not as successful in the American colonies as it had been in Europe when it reached there. They didn’t like it as a substitute for alcohol. But today coffee is consumed in consumed in large quantities everyday in the United States and the North American breakfast is incomplete without it. 

There are two species of the coffee plant, “Coffea arabica” and “Coffea canephora (robusta)”. Coffea arabica is more susceptible to disease and is considered to be better tasting than the other species. Coffea canephora (robusta) can be grown in regions where arabica can’t be cultivated, it contains 40-50% more caffeine than arabica. It is used as a cheap substitute for arabica in many blends. Robusta is bitterer than arabica and has burnt rubber like flavor. Robusta of good quality is used in some espresso blends to give better foam and to reduce the cost. Many Italian espresso blends use dark-roasted robusta. To remove the undesirable flavors from robusta beans a steam treatment process is used. “Coffea liberia” and “Coffea esliaca” are species of coffee indigenous to Liberia and Sudan respectively.

Arabica coffees were named after the port from which they were exported, like Mocha from Yemen and Java from Indonesia. Currently coffee is labeled according to the country and region producing it. Most of the arabica coffee beans come from Latin America, East Africa/Arabia or Asia Pacific region. The major characteristics of coffee beans are flavor (e.g. earthy and citrus like), aroma, body and acidity. Acidity of a coffee should not be confused with its pH level, it points to the tanginess present in washed or wet-processed coffees. The Ph level of coffee is around 5. The characteristics of coffee depend upon the region where it is grown as well as the how it is processed. “Cracoli” bean is highly prized as it is a coffee bean that develops singly inside the cherry instead of usual pair and hence the flavor is concentrated in it.

Before coffee beans are processed into roasted coffee which is the familiar form of coffee for most of us a lot of processing of the beans has to be done. The coffee berries have to be picked, defruited, dried, sorted and aged. The roasting process has a lot of influence on the taste of coffee. All coffee is roasted before consumption; it can be roasted at home or can be roasted and sold by the supplier. Before being roasted, coffee beans are bland having all the nutrients like protein, acids and caffeine but not the taste of the final product.

Roasted coffee beans have to be grinded before using them to make beverages. Normally coffee is ground at the roastery and sold in packaged form to consumers though the trend of grounding coffee at home is catching up fast.

While the finer grinds such as the “Turkish” grind are mixed straight with water, the “drip” grinds (used in home coffee machines) are prepared by passing water at boiling temperature in a slow stream through the ground coffee in a filter. In espresso, very hot water at less than boiling temperature is forced through the ground coffee which results in a strong flavor. Coffee can be served in a number of ways like with sugar, milk, cream as well as hot and cold.  

Coffee is usually taken by most people with their breakfast. Coffee is also taken along with dessert after the main course. Coffee is also consumed along with pastries, muffins, doughnuts and cookies. 

Due to presence of caffeine, a mild stimulant, drinking coffee causes an increase in heart rate, increased blood flow to muscles, increased blood pressure and increased level of dopamine in most of the drinkers. Coffee is consumed in morning to wake up and to ward off sleep due to its stimulating properties.

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Tea is a beverage made by boiling leaves and twigs of the tea bush, known as Camellia sinensis, in hot water for some time. Herbs, flowers, spices and fruits can be added to tea while boiling to give a distinct flavor. Tea can be classified into four basic types: black tea, oolong tea, green tea and white tea. Tea has no carbohydrate, fat or protein in it. Its flavor can be described as cooling, mildly fragrant, slightly bitter and astringent flavor.

Camellia sinensis grows in tropical and sub-tropical climates and is an evergreen plant. It needs a minimum of 50 inches of rainfall per annum and grows better in acidic soils. Several tea plants of high quality grow at elevations up to 5,000 feet, where the plants grow at a slower pace and have a better flavor. While picking the leaves, only top 1 or 2 inches of the mature plants are picked. The buds and leaves picked are called “flushes” and a plant grows a new flush around every seven or ten days in the growing season. If left undisturbed, tea plants will grow and become a tree but the plants meant for tea cultivation are pruned to waist length so that leaves can be plucked easily.

If leaves of tea are not dried quickly after picking they begin to wilt and oxidize. Soon the leaves start turning darker, this process is referred by fermentation in the tea industry even though its not fermentation in true sense. To stop the oxidation process, heating of tea leaves is done at a predetermined stage. Heating is done simultaneously while drying in case of black tea. If necessary steps are not taken to control moisture and humidity during and after manufacturing of tea, fungi can grow on tea which can render the tea unfit by contaminating it with toxics substances.

Classification of tea is done on the basis of “fermentation” the tea has undergone. The various types of tea are discussed below.

? White tea: White tea is not as widely known as other types of tea and is produced in lesser quantities than other types of tea. White tea is made when the young leaves haven’t been oxidized by not exposing them to sunlight. It is more expensive than other forms of tea and is gaining popularity in western countries now.

? Green tea: Green tea is made by oxidizing the tea leaves to a minimal extent. The oxidizing can be done in a traditional Japanese method by application of steam or in a traditional Chinese method by dry cooking in hot pans. The leaves can be left to dry as separate leaves or can be rolled into small pellets to make “gun-powder” tea. This process takes time and the tea is processed within a day or two after the harvesting is done.

? Oolong: It can be described as semi-oxidized tea as the oxidation is stopped in between the green tea and black tea to give Oolong. The oxidation process generally takes two to three days.

? Black tea/Red tea: To make Black tea or Red tea, the tea leaves are let to be completely oxidized. It is one of the most used form of tea in India, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, and Bangladesh. It is called Red tea by the Chinese as the color of the tea liquid is red and is called black tea by the western world as tea leaves used are of black color. The term “Red tea” can also be used to refer to “rooibos”, which is a South African tisane. Te oxidation process in this case takes between two weeks and one month to complete. Black tea is classified as “orthodox” or as “CTC” (Crush, Tear, Curl).

? Post-fermented tea: Post-fermented teas are those teas that undergo a second a second oxidation. This type of tea is known in China as “Dark Tea”. Pu-erh and Liu’an and Liubao belong to this category of tea.

? Yellow tea: High quality tea served at the Imperial Court, or special tea processed in a similar way to green tea but dried more slowly.

? Kukicha: Kukicha, also known as winter tea, is made from twigs and old leaves taken from the plant during its dormant season and then dry-roasting them over a fire. In Japan, this tea is used as a health food.

Tea is usually blended and sold in bags. Almost all tea sold in Britain is blended tea. Blending is done to give a stable taste to the tea. Better tasting tea can be used to cover the inferior taste of cheaper tea and hence, the blend will fetch a better price. Tea can very easily absorb aromas and this property is used to make scented teas.

Tea contains an antioxidant known as catechins. Catechins may constitute up to 30% of the dry weight of the tea. Concentration of catechins is high in white and green teas and less in black tea. Tea also contains theanine and caffeine, a stimulant along with small amount of theobromine and theophylline. Tea also contains fluoride, which is helpful in preventing dental cavity to an extent.

Tea is prepared by placing loose tea directly in teapot or in a tea infuser. Tea can also be brewed directly in a cup but the teabag should be kept in the cup before the hot water is poured. Green or white tea, which have very little or no oxidation period, are brewed at lower temperatures around 80°C while teas which have a longer oxidation period are brewed at temperature of 100°C. When chilled milk is used, some people prefer adding tea to the milk rather than adding rather than the other way around. This gives a better emulsion and nicer taste by avoiding scalding of the milk.  Honey and lemon are also added to tea.
• Tetley launched the tea bag in UK in 1953. It was very easy to make tea using the tea bags, hence making tea bags immensely popular. But the tea used in tea bags is of inferior quality as it is the waste product of sorting of high quality loose leaf tea. Also, the paper used for the bag can leave its own flavor.

Loose tea is usually vacuum packed to retain freshness. To avoid drinking the floating loose leaves, strainers, infusion bags and tea pots with filters are available in market.

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