Other cultures of that era such as the Greeks, Romans, Indians cleaned there teeth with twigs. They would fray one end of the twig so that it could penetrate between the teeth more effectively.

The first true bristled toothbrush originated in China at around 1600 AD by the emperor who did so by using hog bristles and a bone handle .The Chinese are thought to have invented the first natural bristle toothbrush, using bristles from pigs’ necks and attaching them to a bone or bamboo handle. They were used just like today’s modern tooth brush whereas the Europeans were still using the ancient Greek style of brushing the teeth dipping linen cloth or sponges dipped in sulfur oils and salt solutions and rubbing away all the tooth grime.

In early 1800s the bristled brushes were in general use in Europe and Japan. At around 1780 the first tooth brush was made by William Addis of England.  In 1857 H. N. Wadsworth was the first American to receive a toothbrush patent as the country entered the toothbrush market. In 1844 the first tooth brush was made by hand and manufactured as a 3 row brush of serrated bristles by Dr Meyer L Rhein. In 1885 Florence Manufacturing Company of Massachusetts in association with Dr. Rhein brought forth Pro-phy-lac-tic brush in the market for mass marketing in US markets.

In 1938, natural animal hair bristles were replaced by synthetic materials, namely nylon, by Dupont de Nemours. “Doctor West’s Miracle Toothbrush”, was the first nylon toothbrush that went on sale in February 24, 1938.In 1939, the first electric brushes was developed in Switzerland, in an attempt to stimulate the action of manual brush along with better cleaning performance. Now the global market witnesses more than just the normal toothbrushes such as, apart from electric toothbrushes there are natural brushes which don’t need tooth paste, power toothbrushes, Disposable toothbrushes, travel toothbrush, baby toothbrush, and dog toothbrushes.

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History and its origin
Almost 3-4,000 years ago, photo frames evolved from the borders of the vase and tomb paintings. These later were also visible on mosaics wall pieces, which were sequence of events and decorative panels of that time. Then early Christian art adapted the frames to carve the edges of the ivory book. By this, time the purpose of the frames had deviated from decoration to preservation of accentuated works of those centuries. Then the paintings and photo frame came into the late century. The concept of photo frames now modernized to such an extent that even digital photo frames are now easily available.
In those days, the gold and the gems in the frames were symptomatic of great wealth and prosperity. In the 14-15 century, a medieval cathedral was imitated at Italy. These ecclesiastical and cathedral settings were the first to display real picture frames. Then the same were specially made as emblem by monarch and nobility to demonstrate there status and wealth. Often these frames indicated social status of the nobles and displayed their power and glory of their workmanship. With more advancement, the photo frames developed from these frames only.

What is a photo frame?
A photo frame is a supporting structure or a container to preserve or augment it out show. It also serves the purpose to make it easier to display and protect it from some external damage.

Construction
Photo frames are customarily made of hard or soft wood. Even though other materials are now a days used polyester or aluminum. A photo frame can be of any texture, color or sizes but the main structure or the backbone is the common for all. Some photo frames are ornately decorated while others follow the rules of simplicity yet look very exquisite. Even some times photo frames can order to be made and carved according to the theme of the photo.
The photo frame generally contains a panel of glass or plastic to protect the photo. The fitted glass may be coated from different substance, and generally, Ultra violet filters are used. Even many a times glazing’s like Optium, Denglas and museum glass also makes the frames partially non reflective making it comfortable to view when not in ideal lighting conditions. Many photo frames are decorated with clay, sand and many other ornamental things. They look really attractive, sweet, and ideal gifts for your loved ones.

Development
It was not before 1965, that John and Stephen Feinsod wanted to show there creativity with the world. They ordered quality-framing material in volume and then created and designed their custom-made frames from them. They knew very little of the work but had much more creativity than the market leaders. They planted the seed and nurtured the photo frame industry in America. Before long, their work was appreciated by the rest of the world. Then completely new trends of photo frame were launched into the market.
Photo frame market took a great leap after that for generations. Then came the frames made of metals, wood, stone and many other things. Now with the advent of technology the photo frames have also found a new area to explore and are constantly growing with trends. Now as digital cameras and camera phones have become vital in our daily routine, so the cost of the processing the films to paper photo is no longer required. Now, digital photo frames are available in the market. In these digital photo frames, one can view all the memories constantly by just transferring them into the memory card and view them on digital photo frames. By keeping a digital photo frame, you can keep a track of the old memories and the best part is no more handling those heavy photo albums. Just sitting by the digital photo you can see the entire photo on display. Transition between each photo can also be timed and one can view them as slides how without doing anything and live the moments again. Nevertheless, the photo frame has lost its utility in protecting the snap now it is just an exquisite display.
Everything has simplified so much and to such extent, that there is no more botheration left to treasure all sweet memories and hanged them in the photo frames on the walls of our heart.

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History and origin
There was no proper invention of the concept of photo albums. When photography arrived, photo album came as a bi-product with it. There was no special effort given to its promotion because at that point of time it was just a utility tool to preserve the most important photographs. Initially it was any book or copy holding the photo but the last few decades the album has received personalization. Beautiful print art work or decorated with beads and stones are now found on the cover of the album. Many companies have developed the product commercially. There is no such company, which can take the credit alone.
Previously the photo albums were made at home only but now ready-made albums with printed covers and delicate work are easily available all over the market.

Development in Photo albums
Earlier the photo albums were simple books of arduous paper on which the photos were attached with adhesive corners or glued on the sheets. Nevertheless, today a much wider range of photo album is easily available. Gone are the days when one had only option of having the photographs in the printed form. Now the digital cameras and camera phone gives us the varied option of taking a memorable image anywhere and at any moment. The feature of digital camera also gives an option to either get a printed copy out or preserves its soft copy.
The most primeval ways to build photo album is to do it with cardboards and papers. However, even development has overcome that also because now one can home print the cover page or the photo of the album through printers and digital cameras.
The most advanced option to keep a photo album updated to the latest trends and events is to keep an online photo album. Numerous online services are available which offers photo editing, abundant layouts, cover designs, colors and sizes as option available to the customer. Even more addition of comments and keywords has been provided to the user to make it more personalized. Few album services provide even give the option to download, print, or upload pictures from mobile directly.

Tips to make great photo album
Great photo are the most important thing in a photo album so to make a good album one must have great photographs of all the happy moments spend with the loved ones. The maximum labor in collecting photographs gives the best results.
Very good theme should be selected to make a great photo album and photographs must be chosen accordingly.
You must try to relate and recount a story from the sequence of photographs displayed in the album.
Must add the photographs as soon as you have them and continue your passion throughout your life whenever possible because if you leave it in between it is like a hole in the memories.
Many a times we do not realize the importance of these things now when are creating it. Nevertheless, we are free and have ample time and alone these form a very pleasant time pass. It gives the person a noble sense of happiness and satisfaction with the loved ones.
This is the reason why I always carry a camera phone so that capture every moment of happiness and happiness in every moment. So Keep Smiling!

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Petrol or gasoline is mixture of hydrocarbons derived from crude petroleum through distillation. It is mainly used as fuel for internal combustion engines. ‘Petrol’ is used in most of the Commonwealth Countries while the term ‘Gasoline’ is basically used in North American Countries. Etymology of petrol is also quite interesting. The word ‘gasolene’ first came into existence in 1865 which was modified to the modern spelling ‘gasoline’ in 1871. Initially any other fuel other than diesel or liquefied gas which could be used in engines was termed as gasoline. The word ‘petrol’ came into existence in early 1892. Carless-Capel & Leonard, a German wholesaler, was the first company to register ‘petrol’ as a trade name. Gasoline is also known as Benzin in Germany which is derived from a chemical named Benzene. 

Petrol or gasoline is a by product of distillation of crude oil or petroleum which is complex mixture of various hydrocarbons occurring naturally. The distillation of crude petroleum to yield its various by products is credited to Muslim Chemists who were the first to distill crude oil. Crude petroleum consists of around 84% of energy rich fuels such as diesel, petrol and LPG. Petroleum is believed to be formed due to continuous compression and heating of decayed organic material which is settled at the bottom of the sea in absence of oxygen over a period of time and subjected to high pressure. Crude oil can be classified according to its place of origin or by its viscosity or relative weight or sulfur content. 

China had earned the credits for drilling the first oil wells in around 4^th Century using bamboo poles but commercial oil well was first drilled in 1858 in North America by James Miller Williams. Edwin Drake began the petroleum industry in America in 1859 by drilling a 69 ft deep oil well for Seneca Oil Company. Initially gasoline was used as cleaning liquid to remove strains. Before the evolution of filling stations, gasoline was available in cans. Gasoline is also used for lighting in the form of white gas which is highly purified petrol. In 1910 major oil fields were discovered in Canada, Iran and Mexico. By 1950’s oil took over as major fuel from the reigning coal.  

Octane rating is an important characteristic of petrol. It is an indicator of anti knocking capacity of petrol which is defined as resistance to abnormal combustion in internal combustion engines. A better octane rating means a better quality of petrol. Various additives are widely used now a days to increase the octane ratings of petrol or to act as lubricators which includes oxygenates (such as methanol, ethanol), Antiknock agents (such as Tetra-ethyl lead, Isooctane) and antioxidants (such as Butylated hydroxytoluene, Ethylene diamine). Regular gasoline with octane rating of 91 contains 34.8 MJ/L (MegaJoules/Litre) of energy. But various non-aliphatic hydrocarbons present in petrol and many anti knocking agents can cause various health and environmental issues such as air pollution which are being taken seriously all over the world. These issues have led to the inclination towards alternate fuels such as biofuels which have very less emissions as compared to various fossil fuels. Due to these environmental issues leaded petrol was banned in the year 2000. Petrol is also quite unstable as varnishes and gums are easily formed in it if left unattended for a period of time. 

Petrol has been the main reasons for the developments in car engines since last 100 years. Most of the car engines are designed according to the kind of petrol available at that time. Petrol itself has gone through a lot of changes because of the pressure of very high demand which has let to the development of various variants of petrol having a wide range of boiling points with more high and low boiling point hydrocarbons. The addition of these hydrocarbons has resulted in changes in carburetor design and fuel systems of car engines regularly.

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5. Lipstick

Lipstick contains waxes, emollients, pigments and various oils. The wax holds its shape. Beeswax is still in use – it being taken from the honeycomb of bees. Other types of waxes are obtained from leaves of certain palm trees that grow in Brazil. Candelilla wax is taken from the plant of the same name that is found in Mexico. The plants are soaked in boiling water and sulfuric acid. The wax that rises to the surface is then skimmed off. Other ingredients are olive, mineral and castor oil, cocoa butter, petrolatum and lanolin. Recently other moisturizers like Vitamin E, aloe vera, amino acids, sunscreens and collagen are being used. These soften and moisten the lips while keeping it sheltered from the elements. The colour comes from many types of pigments and dyes.
Lipstick making involves heating, mixing and stirring. The finely ground mixture is heated and then poured into metal moulds. Then it is chilled again. The formed lipstick is now subjected to heat again for about half a second to give it the smooth glossy touch. Lipstick lasts longer if kept in the refrigerator. The lipstick tube consists of the base and cover. The base twists and slides as it pushes up the lipstick. The cover on top protects it from getting squashed and chewed off by the unwary toddler.
The shelves contain an array of lipsticks – matted, frosted, sheer and stained.. Glossy or sheer lipsticks need to be applied more frequently. Matte ones are not shiny but last longer although the lips do not remain moisturized and tend to crack.
The lip-gloss is sold in bottles – it has the same ingredients as lipsticks but less wax and more of oil to make the pout more shiny and glittering.

The making of lipstick is a science but its application is an art. Just like a painter of walls first uses a primer so too it is the rule with lips. Use a lip pencil, which will be a sort of fixative. The general practice to choose a lipstick is rubbing it on back of the hand but the fingertip is more akin to the colour of the human lips. Check on the label and pick one that has not been involved in animal slaughter. The chemical ingredients should also be carefully studied. It is surmised that in a lifetime a woman ingests about 4 to 6 pounds of lipstick. So it is better to know ahead that the stuff is not harmful for the health. Try and obtain samples. Usually manufacturers supply the shops with any number to push sales. The best shade is the one that tunes in with the individual’s complexion and the colour of the clothes of the wearer. The rule of thumb is natural colours are for the daytime and more bold shades for the night. When youth begins to wane then lipsticks with more oils and creams are preferable.
Everything has its red signal of warning. Lipsticks can be harmful. Avoid ones with parabens as these are suspected villains inducing cancer of the reproductive system.  Lipstick sometimes contains lead. Its use makes the stuff cheap. Try the test of rubbing a gold ring on the lipstick. If the colour changed from red to black then shy off from the purchase – it is dangerous.
Some hot red facts about lipstick will be of trivia interest. In 1959 Connie Francis added the touch of culture to lipstick with her hit song “Lipstick on Your Collar’. Shisedo Cosmetics of Tokyo conducted a survey in 1996 in which most of the American women (87%) admitted to leaving lipstick traces on places where they should not be!

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In the jet set age when one has to match looks with time constraints the best option to keep the long tresses glossy and bouncing is to go for a hair dryer. It is also known as a blow dryer and is a tool, which is electromechanical. It blows hot air over hair that is damp or wet to speed up the process of evaporation.
Towards the end of the 19th century hair dryers made its debut. In order to work it relied on generation of heat and mechanized flow of air. Alexander Godefroy invented the first model for his French salon. The convenient domestic hand held dryer popped up in 1920. Coils of wire run through the gadget which when heated produced hot air.
Hair dryers help but cannot by itself style the hair. For it brushes, combs and other aids are required. Since the 1920’s different hair dryer designs have been granted patents. But that is only concerned with the exterior facelift. The basic skeletal framework of the inside has remained the same, except for addition of some safety points.
Hair dryers have become indispensable. There is a general idea that sitting around with wet hair might lead to colds and sniffles. Whatever the reason the hair dryer has come to stay and the only way it is going to be dislodged is the way mankind is more prone to hair loss than never before. To suit the change new bald fashions have come into vogue and this might well spell the end of the road for the electromechanical hair dryer.
The principle underlying the mechanism of the hair dryer is the speeding up of the process of evaporation from the hair. The hot air emitted from the gadget envelops the head with an umbrella of warmth, which is hotter than the room temperature. Air that is warm can hold more moisture than what the air in the rest of the room can, at that point of time. The molecules in water droplets, no longer being attracted to each other, move onto the gas stage from the liquid one.
To produce the hot air only two things are required – a fan operated by a motor and a coil for the purpose of heating. Heating energy is turned into convective heat. When the tool is plugged in and switched on currents begins to run through it. Power is supplied to the coiled wire that becomes heated. In the next phase the current causes the small motor to start spinning which in turn whirls the fan. It generates an airflow. This flow is now directed down the hairdryer’s barrel over and into the heated elements. Heat rises and the air becomes hot by the process of forced convection. The warm and hot air now streams out from the nozzle of the barrel.
The small fan looks like a water wheel or hydraulic turbine.  But instead of gathering in the potential energy from flowing water the trick inside a hair dryer is done by electrical energy to produce the hot flow of air. The tiny fan is fixed to the nose of the motor. When power is fed in both the fan and the motor start to spin. The movements of the blades of the fan are centrifugal and hence it draws air in by way of small circular inlets in the sides of the object. A screen that stops protects these holes from other items like strands of hair getting sucked in also. The heated air is then pushed through the barrel of the tool. Most of the latest models can be set at high or low airflow requirements. A controlling switch modulates the speed of the motor by altering the rate of current flow.
The material from which the wire is made is known as nichrome. This is an alloy of nickel and chromium. It is used for common household appliances like curling irons and toasters. Nichrome wires are good producers of heat. Compared to copper it is a poor conductor of electricity. The resistance allows it to heat to satisfactory required levels. On the other hand the use of iron is not practical because it rusts quickly at the temperature used for hair dryers, toasters and the like. The fan generates the airflow. It passes through the heated elements and out through the nozzle. Cool air is now taken in and the cycle continues. The temperature of the air coming out depends on the wattage being used. Some models use 1875 watts.
Some hair specialists are worried that this much of heat can cause damage not only to the hair but also to the scalp. Here arises the question of safety measures when mass production of hair dryers has become an industry and the device has invaded nearly each and every home. There must be a cut-off switch for safety because the scalp can get torched if the temperature shoots up to more than 140 degrees Fahrenheit. For this heat sensors can be used for tripping the errant current flow. A simple bimetallic strip can do the job. It consists of two metal sheets, which expand when heated but each at different rates. This causes the one which has grown larger, to bend and trigger off a switch-off. For more enhanced safety a thermal fuse can be fixed. It will prevent fires and aggressively break the circuit if the temperature rises abnormally. The outside the hair dryer has to be properly insulated otherwise it will become too hot to handle. Usually an insulated sheet lines the plastic exterior.
There is one hair dryer that is safe and free. It is the Sun. Hairstyling is as old as the hills. In the morning after a bath wet hair was coaxed into waves with the help of pencils. By the end of the day the Sun had done its part and bouncy waves made my lady prettier than ever before. But hair is fast joining the endangered list!

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The history of the footwear goes as back as 15000 years! The drawings from the Spanish cave reveal human wearing footwear in the form of animal skins or furs wrapping around their feet. The “ice-man” whose body is well preserved since 3300 BC has leather foot coverings. The material used for footwear includes plastic, leather, textiles, rubber and wood.
Whatever the material used in, the footwear have been existing since thousands of years. In some oldest Hindu scriptures dating back to 5000 years like in “Mahabharata” and “Ramayana”, the shoes were respected for their protection and footwear, belonging to some great divine personalities was even worshipped by their followers and disciples.
There were innumerable experiments done on the footwear to make them durable and stylish. Initially, for the new soles for the track shoes, rubber was poured into a standard waffle iron. This was probably the first ‘waffle’ tread pattern, which is considered to be one of the major milestones for tracking shoes.
THE REVOLUTION
From the wooden footwear with slapdash work to the most dynamic present-day athletic shoes are the marvels of the engineering. The footwear, which was made once upon a time just to walk, is now becoming newer attraction by getting an important part of the dressing for personal display. Many of the people in society their personal style begins primarily with shoes.
It was quite dream to think about metal in shoes but the technology has reached its peak. You have now steel toed boots, designed especially for construction workers who are at risk of having heavy objects dropped. Companies are manufacturing numerous types of shoes for different types of occasions like Flip Flops, Running Shoes, Sport Sandals, Hiking Boots, Casual Wear, Party Wear, Trail Running Shoes, Water Shoes, Clogs and Slides.
In many parts of Asia, especially western side of India, the hand-made footwear is still the tough competitor of stylish machine made footwear. Various functions and festivals have different types of footwear to wear on. Many of them are made up of clothes having beautiful art with knitted pearls, mirror-buttons and other famous material like ‘Abha’. These types of footwear are called as ‘Mojari’ and don’t require socks to wear.
The days are no more when the lady had to choose from the selected designs with plain heels and flat-platform footwear. Today she has varieties to choose right from the uniquely designed pencil-heel to eye-catching knee high black boot with lace that holds all the way up to the top!

FOOTWEAR – INDUSTRY FOR FASHION AND PROFESSION
It is not surprising that Footwear Industry is now one of the profit-making businesses. According to one survey, the outlook for the Footwear & Leather Industry in India is magnificent with a marginal share of 2.44 % in global trade worth US$ 97.606 billion. China, the largest retailer of ladies’ footwear is likely to rise as much as 1.1 Billion USD. United States, the house of fashion footwear is blooming with 44.4 Billion USD business in footwear industry.
The trend is changing. Many giant multinational companies are now blooming in the world with their footwear. The market is full of different styled footwear like Cowboy-boot, Ankle boot, Soft brown leather shoes, Devil Boot with skull buckle, heavy men’s biker style calf length boots etc.
The youth is enamored by shoes and different styles of footwear. The metal plating with tough leather shoes had a great impact on the market once upon a time. No wonder anymore that, people have different footwear for different occasions. Ladies, the target customers are pleased with different colors of footwear matching to their apparel. Don’t get surprised if you find shoes for your brown dress made from the real crocodile skin in Bristol Zoo, England!

On the other hand, certain footwear have become dress-code for certain professions. They are made accordingly.  Like as in sports, the sport shoes are made up with tough leather which is able to absorb the shock and can withstand to any of the jerks felt during the play. In parties and ramp walking, the footwear is made with more style and less durability. No wonder they are adorned with diamonds and gold strips!
FOOTWEAR – FOR HEALTH!
Yes, this could be new to you but equally true. Nowadays you find shoes sole with special design having some magnetic tablets with holes or tiny elevated pyramids. These types of soles are to be put into the normal shoes. This gives benefit by pressing certain “acupressure points” located on your soles which are basic theory for reflexology.
For chronic disease like diabetes, there is diabetic footwear which will help you preventing some dangerous complication like diabetic-foot. The “diabetic-footwear” is spacious allowing enough blood circulation in the feet which is not there in diabetic patient with tight-fitted shoe. If you are having pain, there are “pain relief footwear” named as Z-coil footwear that reduces the various pains occurring by walking, jogging and running.

Overall, the footwear are little bit more than just a wearing. They are now becoming important part of our daily dressings, whether you wear them to increase your height or to make your style or wear as dress-code with your ‘dull’ face. They have traveled from our feet to our heart in a very short time.

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The history of panties starts with the story of bloomers. The original purpose was modesty – covering up as much of the female form as possible. As hens are to the eggs so to bloomers are to panties. Typically it is a divided garment to cover the lower part of women. The first ones were the brainchild of Elizabeth Miller but Amelia Bloomer made it popular during the 1850’s. These were long baggy pants ending at the ankles. It was largely influenced by the East and often came to be called the ‘Syrian’ style. In the late 18th century the bloomers got two other nametags – knickers and knickerbockers. Women wore it during sports events during those days of Victorian modesty. From the 1920’s bloomers began to get short. For a classic visual of bloomers the best bet is to watch the bloomer-dance in the Hollywood classic ‘Seven Brides for Seven Brothers’ where the delightful brides prance around bloomers, the ancestors of panties!

The post-war period saw an outburst or outrage of female modesty dominated by the bra-panty culture. Somehow freedom for women and women’s right became mixed up with exposure of the exquisite female form, leaving little to the imagination. Some interpreted it as a hidden fear and doubt about the natural appeal of the female towards the opposite sex, as Nature meant it to be. Hence the urgency to establish and advertise it aggressively! Another explanation is that the post-war period saw a boom in business and advertising. The least amount of material was turned into a costly piece of garment. The gullible public swallowed the bait and the undergarment made its dominating presence felt – often to the point of ridicule and invasion of human decency and privacy.
Today more than a piece of clothing that covers and comforts the panty has become an object of sexuality. But is the operation table, with the spread-eagled human form, the alpha of sensuality? Sex is something far more – deep and sensual – than mere exposure of the beast in the urban jungle.

From the 1920’s the hemline of skirts began to rise and importance came to be given from what peeped out from under it. The original panties were made from silk or artificial silk called rayon. After that nylon came to be use. Skin problems and other related headaches is causing a rethinking and going back to cotton. This is however turning out to be a costly affair.
The panty started its journey with the original purpose of covering the intimate part of a woman even she suddenly fell or jumped about. It spelt freedom from prowling eyes. The panty covers the mysterious deep junction between the legs. Eminent sociologist Margaret Mead says that the maleness and femaleness is inherent and woven into the fabric of our body as well as mind from childhood. It is genetically programmed. Mead points out that when a baby girl falls she spontaneously brings together her hands in front below the stomach. Whereas when a boy falls he spreads his arms across on both sides. Everything in woman is inside. Everything in man is outside.

Apart from the modesty factor the panty protects the woman from infections while she goes about her work in this modern world. The panty material should be able to breathe – otherwise it will itself be a source of trouble. Moreover the panty should be washed daily and should definitely not be shared on grounds of long-term health and hygiene.

The panty culture has developed a language of its own and one of the terms is panty-line or visible-panty-line (VPL). It is the provocative outline of the undergarment teasing through the outer clothing. The Panty-line also came to be known as the bikini-line. Of late there is very little difference between the bikini and the panty. Womankind is somehow holding onto a wisp of cloth to save her modesty and her civilization.

Pantyhose is another name in the panty business. These are sheers of extremely close fittings covering the body from the waist and reaching down to the feet. These resemble stockings and are made from nylon. It made its entry in USA during the 1960’s as an alternative to stockings. It is not necessary to wear any other undergarment below it. In UK these are termed ‘tights’ but with a variation in meaning. It need not be tight fighting but can be made from any stretchable material like spandex. Usually women wear it during physical exercises. In the tropical countries the entry of panties has been fairly recent. Overnight it has led to a market boom. But the panty does not go with the stifling humid sweaty climate of the tropics where the body needs to be aired as long as possible. It has led to a rise in hitherto unknown skin problems – this being a boon for pharmaceutical business.

A whole culture, for good or bad, has come to revolve round the panty. Much to the agony of health addict regular sales of second hand panties are becoming quite common. It is not unknown that even after vigorous washing; items of clothing do not become totally free from germs and vermin. There is a regular auction of panties and other items of undergarments worn by celebrities like Marylyn Monroe. It depends on one’s bent of mind whether to shudder or to cheer at such displays of civilized mankind.

In a recent online news it was reported that at Stansted Airport a 29 year old man hit the headlines as the panty-thief! He was the baggage handler at the airport and admitted to stealing panties. His colleagues saw him searching and removing these delightful items from passenger’s luggage. Three hundred pairs were carefully stored in his home. He was given an 18-month sentence with a fine. The sentence was relatively lenient as the motive was not greed but psychological. Society seems to be beginning to pay for allowing a free hand to greedy manufacturers and their partners – the media gangs.

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